The book "Nanocosmetics and nanomedicines: new approaches for skin care contains a summary of the most important nanocarriers for skin delivery. Although Snanocosmetics is a subject widely commented in the academy and the beauty industry, a book covering the skin care treatments using nanotechnological approaches with cosmetics and nanomedicines is still missing, therefore the need for this publication. This book is divided in three parts: The first one (Part A) is devoted to a brief review on the main topics related to the skin delivery and to the introduction of the subject Snanocosmetics . The second part (Part B) presents different types of nanocarriers applied as skin delivery systems for cosmetics or drugs. The last part (Part C) shows a wide range of applications of nanotechnology on the skin care area as well as on dermatocosmetic and dermatological fields.
Cover
Nanocosmetics and Nanomedicines
ISBN 9783642197918
Forword
Contents
Part I Fundamentals of Skin Delivery
1 Transport of Substances and Nanoparticles across the Skin and in Vitro Models to Evaluate Skin Permeation and/or Penetration
Introduction
Transport across the Skin
In Vitro Models and Membranes Used to Evaluate Skin Permeation and/or Penetration
In Vitro Diffusion Models
Microscopy Techniques
Membranes
Transport of Nanoparticles and Encapsulated Substances across the Skin
Nanoparticles Based on Organic Compounds
Nanoparticles Based on Inorganic Compounds
Concluding Remarks
References
2 Rheological Behavior of Semisolid Formulations Containing Nanostructured Systems
Introduction
Rheology: Fundamental Concepts
Rheological Properties of Nanoparticles Incorporated into Semisolids
Conclusions
References
Part II Nanocarriers for Skin Care and Dermatological Treatments
3 Polymeric Nanocapsules: Concepts and Applications
Introduction
Models of the Supramolecular Structure of Nanocapsules
Core
Surface
Nanocapsule Preparation
Chemical Methods
Physicochemical Methods
Methods of Physicochemical Characterization
Nanocapsules in Skin Formulations: Advantages and Challenges
Concluding Remarks
References
4 Topical Application of Nanostructures: Solid Lipid, Polymeric and Metallic Nanoparticles
Introduction
Preparation and Characterization of Solid Lipid Nanoparticles (SLN)
Hot Microemulsion
Emulsification and Solvent Evaporation
Solvent Diffusion Method
High Pressure Homogenization (HPH) Method
X-Ray Diffraction
Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC)
Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR)
Microscopy Techniques
Preparation and Characterization of Polymeric Nanoparticles
Encapsulation Efficiency
Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS)
Microscopic Techniques
In Vitro Drug Release
Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and Other Molecular-Level Methods
Preparation and Characterization of Metallic Nanoparticles
Topical Application of SLN, and Polymeric and Silver Nanoparticles
SLN Application
Polymeric Nanoparticles
Metallic Nanoparticles
Future Perspectives
References
5 Lipid Nanoparticles as Carriers for Cosmetic Ingredients: The First (SLN) and the Second Generation (NLC)
Introduction
Nanocarriers and Skin Interaction
Definitions
Lipid Nanoparticles
Solid Lipid Nanoparticles (SLN)
Nanostructured Lipid Carriers (NLC)
Preparation of Lipid Nanoparticles
Characterization of Lipid Nanoparticles
Particle Size Distribution
Zeta Potential
Physical Stability Kinetics
Crystal Structure
Morphological Aspects
Loading Capacity and Active Agent Incorporation Mechanisms
Modulation of Active Agent Release
Recent Advances and Advantages of SLN and NLC for Cosmetic Applications
Formulations and Products
Encapsulation as a Protective Tool
The Occlusion Effect
The UV Blocking Effect
Conclusions and Future Perspectives
References
6 Industrial Production of Polymeric Nanoparticles: Alternatives and Economic Analysis
Introduction
Alternatives Proposal
Definitions
Investment Cost
Production Cost
Basic Concepts
Methodology
Analysis of Economic Viability
Production of 10 kg/day
Production of 20 kg/day
Sensitivity Analysis of Sale Price vs. Production
Conclusions
References
7 Elastic Liposomes
Introduction
State-of-Art Technologies
Elastic Liposomes Systems
Conventional Liposomes
Elastic Liposomes
Membrane Elasticity
Mechanisms
Characterization Methods
Transdermal Transport of Liposomes
Final Remarks
References
8 Chitosan as Stabilizer and Carrier of Natural Based Nanostructures
Introduction
Chitosan as Stabilizer of Nanostructures
Chitosan as Carrier of Natural Based Nanostructures
Concluding Remarks
References
Part III Applications of Nanocosmetics and Nanomedicines for Skin Treatments
9 Performance of Elastic Liposomes for Topical Treatment of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis
Introduction
Cutaneous Leishmaniasis
Chemotherapy
Topical Treatment of CL
Liposomes for Topical Treatment of CL
Preparation of Elastic Liposomes Loaded with Chalcone CH8
CH8- Loaded Conventional Liposomes (CH8-CvL)
CH8- Loaded Pegylated Liposomes (CH8-PL)
CH8-Loaded Liposome Characterization
Size Distribution
Morphology
Phospholipids Concentration
Elasticity
Biological Assessments of the CH8-Loaded Liposomes
In Vitro Skin Permeation
Topical Efficacy against Murine CL
Conclusion
Future Perspectives
References
10 Druggable Targets for Skin Photoaging: Potential Application of Nanocosmetics and Nanomedicine
Skin Phototoxicity
Acute Effects of UV on Skin
Chronic Effects of UV on Skin
In Vitro Index of Phototoxicity
Photo-Irritation Factor
Molecular Markers of Skin Inflammation, Senescence and Photoaging
Molecular Markers of Inflammation
Molecular Marker of Senescence
Nanocosmetics and Nanomedicine for Overcoming Skin Photoaging
Photoprotection
Molecular Action of the Toxicity of Carbon Nanotubes in Skin Cells
Final Remarks
References
11 Nanomedicine: Potential Killing of Cancercells Using Nanoparticles
General Introduction
Apoptosis
Apoptosis Cell Death: Biochemistry and Molecular Aspects
Cell Death by Apoptosis Signaling
Cell Death and Cancer
Nanomedicine for the Management of Cancer Cells
Polymeric Nanoparticles
Silver Nanoparticles
Future Perspectives
References
12 Zebrafish as a Suitable Model for Evaluating Nanocosmetics and Nanomedicines
Introduction
Biology of Zebrafish
Zebrafish as a Correlative and Predictive Model for Measuring Biomaterial Nanotoxicity
Screening of Skin Care Products Based on Zebrafish Development
Future Perspectives
References
13 Nitric Oxide-Releasing Nanomaterials and Skin Care
Nitric Oxide and Skin: Current Status
The Role of NO in Physiologic Responses in the Skin
NO and Skin Diseases
NO and Wound Healing
Nanotechnology and NO in Skin Treatments
NO and Skin Pigmentation Enhancers
Future Directions and Challenges in Dermatological Therapeutics
References
14 Nanocarriers and Cancer Therapy: Approaches to Topical and Transdermal Delivery
Nanotechnology in Healthcare: Evolution
Technological Advances: Nanotechnology and Cancer
New Strategies for Topical and Transdermal Treatment of Cancer
Target Delivery
Chemical and Formulation Enhancers of Skin Penetration and Permeation
Physical Methods: Iontophoresis, Sonophoresis, and Electroporation
Microneedles
Final Considerations
References
15 Nanocarriers to Deliver Photosensitizers in Topical Photodynamic Therapy and Photodiagnostics
Topical Photodynamic Therapy
General Considerations
Skin Cancer and Non-neoplastic Disorders
Photosensitizers and Precursors
Skin as Administration Site for Topical PDT
Skin Structure, Barrier and Permeability
Drug Delivery Systems in Topical PDT
Future Directives
References
16 Production of Nanofibers by Electrospinning Technology: Overview and Application in Cosmetics
Overview
Introduction
History of Nanofibers Obtained by Electrospinning
Preparation of Nanofiber by Electrospinning Technology
Polymers Used in the Electrospinning Process
Electrospinning Process Control Parameters
Characterization of Electrospun Nanofibers
Application of Polymer Nanofibers
Application of Polymeric Nanofibers in Cosmetics
Future Perspectives of Nanofibers by Electrospinning in Cosmetic Application
References
17 Nanosized and Nanoencapsulated Sunscreens
Introduction
Nanosized UV Filters
TiO2 and ZnO-Induced Cytotoxicity and Genotoxicity
Skin Penetration
Novel nanosized UV filters
Nanoencapsulated UV Filters
Skin Penetration
Photostability
UV-Blocking Ability
Nanoparticles in Sunscreens Today: The Commercial Arena
Conclusions
References
About the Editors
Subject Index
CnGTVL5r3VMC
Cover
Nanocosmetics and Nanomedicines
ISBN 9783642197918
Forword
Contents
Part I Fundamentals of Skin Delivery
1 Transport of Substances and Nanoparticles across the Skin and in Vitro Models to Evaluate Skin Permeation and/or Penetration
Introduction
Transport across the Skin
In Vitro Models and Membranes Used to Evaluate Skin Permeation and/or Penetration
In Vitro Diffusion Models
Microscopy Techniques
Membranes
Transport of Nanoparticles and Encapsulated Substances across the Skin
Nanoparticles Based on Organic Compounds
Nanoparticles Based on Inorganic Compounds
Concluding Remarks
References
2 Rheological Behavior of Semisolid Formulations Containing Nanostructured Systems
Introduction
Rheology: Fundamental Concepts
Rheological Properties of Nanoparticles Incorporated into Semisolids
Conclusions
References
Part II Nanocarriers for Skin Care and Dermatological Treatments
3 Polymeric Nanocapsules: Concepts and Applications
Introduction
Models of the Supramolecular Structure of Nanocapsules
Core
Surface
Nanocapsule Preparation
Chemical Methods
Physicochemical Methods
Methods of Physicochemical Characterization
Nanocapsules in Skin Formulations: Advantages and Challenges
Concluding Remarks
References
4 Topical Application of Nanostructures: Solid Lipid, Polymeric and Metallic Nanoparticles
Introduction
Preparation and Characterization of Solid Lipid Nanoparticles (SLN)
Hot Microemulsion
Emulsification and Solvent Evaporation
Solvent Diffusion Method
High Pressure Homogenization (HPH) Method
X-Ray Diffraction
Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC)
Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR)
Microscopy Techniques
Preparation and Characterization of Polymeric Nanoparticles
Encapsulation Efficiency
Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS)
Microscopic Techniques
In Vitro Drug Release
Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and Other Molecular-Level Methods
Preparation and Characterization of Metallic Nanoparticles
Topical Application of SLN, and Polymeric and Silver Nanoparticles
SLN Application
Polymeric Nanoparticles
Metallic Nanoparticles
Future Perspectives
References
5 Lipid Nanoparticles as Carriers for Cosmetic Ingredients: The First (SLN) and the Second Generation (NLC)
Introduction
Nanocarriers and Skin Interaction
Definitions
Lipid Nanoparticles
Solid Lipid Nanoparticles (SLN)
Nanostructured Lipid Carriers (NLC)
Preparation of Lipid Nanoparticles
Characterization of Lipid Nanoparticles
Particle Size Distribution
Zeta Potential
Physical Stability Kinetics
Crystal Structure
Morphological Aspects
Loading Capacity and Active Agent Incorporation Mechanisms
Modulation of Active Agent Release
Recent Advances and Advantages of SLN and NLC for Cosmetic Applications
Formulations and Products
Encapsulation as a Protective Tool
The Occlusion Effect
The UV Blocking Effect
Conclusions and Future Perspectives
References
6 Industrial Production of Polymeric Nanoparticles: Alternatives and Economic Analysis
Introduction
Alternatives Proposal
Definitions
Investment Cost
Production Cost
Basic Concepts
Methodology
Analysis of Economic Viability
Production of 10 kg/day
Production of 20 kg/day
Sensitivity Analysis of Sale Price vs. Production
Conclusions
References
7 Elastic Liposomes
Introduction
State-of-Art Technologies
Elastic Liposomes Systems
Conventional Liposomes
Elastic Liposomes
Membrane Elasticity
Mechanisms
Characterization Methods
Transdermal Transport of Liposomes
Final Remarks
References
8 Chitosan as Stabilizer and Carrier of Natural Based Nanostructures
Introduction
Chitosan as Stabilizer of Nanostructures
Chitosan as Carrier of Natural Based Nanostructures
Concluding Remarks
References
Part III Applications of Nanocosmetics and Nanomedicines for Skin Treatments
9 Performance of Elastic Liposomes for Topical Treatment of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis
Introduction
Cutaneous Leishmaniasis
Chemotherapy
Topical Treatment of CL
Liposomes for Topical Treatment of CL
Preparation of Elastic Liposomes Loaded with Chalcone CH8
CH8- Loaded Conventional Liposomes (CH8-CvL)
CH8- Loaded Pegylated Liposomes (CH8-PL)
CH8-Loaded Liposome Characterization
Size Distribution
Morphology
Phospholipids Concentration
Elasticity
Biological Assessments of the CH8-Loaded Liposomes
In Vitro Skin Permeation
Topical Efficacy against Murine CL
Conclusion
Future Perspectives
References
10 Druggable Targets for Skin Photoaging: Potential Application of Nanocosmetics and Nanomedicine
Skin Phototoxicity
Acute Effects of UV on Skin
Chronic Effects of UV on Skin
In Vitro Index of Phototoxicity
Photo-Irritation Factor
Molecular Markers of Skin Inflammation, Senescence and Photoaging
Molecular Markers of Inflammation
Molecular Marker of Senescence
Nanocosmetics and Nanomedicine for Overcoming Skin Photoaging
Photoprotection
Molecular Action of the Toxicity of Carbon Nanotubes in Skin Cells
Final Remarks
References
11 Nanomedicine: Potential Killing of Cancercells Using Nanoparticles
General Introduction
Apoptosis
Apoptosis Cell Death: Biochemistry and Molecular Aspects
Cell Death by Apoptosis Signaling
Cell Death and Cancer
Nanomedicine for the Management of Cancer Cells
Polymeric Nanoparticles
Silver Nanoparticles
Future Perspectives
References
12 Zebrafish as a Suitable Model for Evaluating Nanocosmetics and Nanomedicines
Introduction
Biology of Zebrafish
Zebrafish as a Correlative and Predictive Model for Measuring Biomaterial Nanotoxicity
Screening of Skin Care Products Based on Zebrafish Development
Future Perspectives
References
13 Nitric Oxide-Releasing Nanomaterials and Skin Care
Nitric Oxide and Skin: Current Status
The Role of NO in Physiologic Responses in the Skin
NO and Skin Diseases
NO and Wound Healing
Nanotechnology and NO in Skin Treatments
NO and Skin Pigmentation Enhancers
Future Directions and Challenges in Dermatological Therapeutics
References
14 Nanocarriers and Cancer Therapy: Approaches to Topical and Transdermal Delivery
Nanotechnology in Healthcare: Evolution
Technological Advances: Nanotechnology and Cancer
New Strategies for Topical and Transdermal Treatment of Cancer
Target Delivery
Chemical and Formulation Enhancers of Skin Penetration and Permeation
Physical Methods: Iontophoresis, Sonophoresis, and Electroporation
Microneedles
Final Considerations
References
15 Nanocarriers to Deliver Photosensitizers in Topical Photodynamic Therapy and Photodiagnostics
Topical Photodynamic Therapy
General Considerations
Skin Cancer and Non-neoplastic Disorders
Photosensitizers and Precursors
Skin as Administration Site for Topical PDT
Skin Structure, Barrier and Permeability
Drug Delivery Systems in Topical PDT
Future Directives
References
16 Production of Nanofibers by Electrospinning Technology: Overview and Application in Cosmetics
Overview
Introduction
History of Nanofibers Obtained by Electrospinning
Preparation of Nanofiber by Electrospinning Technology
Polymers Used in the Electrospinning Process
Electrospinning Process Control Parameters
Characterization of Electrospun Nanofibers
Application of Polymer Nanofibers
Application of Polymeric Nanofibers in Cosmetics
Future Perspectives of Nanofibers by Electrospinning in Cosmetic Application
References
17 Nanosized and Nanoencapsulated Sunscreens
Introduction
Nanosized UV Filters
TiO2 and ZnO-Induced Cytotoxicity and Genotoxicity
Skin Penetration
Novel nanosized UV filters
Nanoencapsulated UV Filters
Skin Penetration
Photostability
UV-Blocking Ability
Nanoparticles in Sunscreens Today: The Commercial Arena
Conclusions
References
About the Editors
Subject Index
CnGTVL5r3VMC
